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\title{Prosperity Spheres}
\author{S.\ R.\ Kulkarni}
\date{June 6, 2020--\today}                         

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\section{Motivation}

Our community relies on a torrent of reviews: review of journal
papers, reviews for telescope time, reviews for funding and reviews
or assessments for appointments (fellowships, faculty, staff)  and
promotions.  Naturally, a major question is the (im)partiality of
the reviewer. NSF, to minimize this issue, excludes those have been
co-authors on papers over the previous few years.\footnote{Of course, a
strict application of this rule in this era of mega-team papers
such as those from the LIGO-Virgo consortium or the EHT consortium
would force NSF to find scientists in areas outside astronomy and
physics to provide letters.}

I will call the collection of co-authors over either a specified
interval (two years) or otherwise as ``Co-Author Sphere". Sometime
ago, using Unix tools I coded a
utility\footnote{\url{https://www.astro.caltech.edu/~srk/SRKUnix/Examples/AuthorshipHistogram.txt}}
which, given a list of papers by an astronomer produced the list
of the author's co-authors.  I note that the new ADS has a tool
which can do this task.

\begin{table}[hbt!]
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\hline\\
Co-Authors & Prosperity Sphere & Co-Prosperity \cr
\hline\\
\input{ESP_Table.tex}
   \end{tabular}
   \end{table}

Recently, my colleague Sterl Phinney approached me and, given my
interest in bibliometrics and Unix programming, he posed the following
problem: ``generate the list of all authors who cite the papers for
a given author". I will call this collection as ``Prosperity Sphere".
I call this as the Prosperity Sphere because the more this sphere
is populated the more prosperous is the author.  

Symmetrically, in my view,  there should be ``Co-Prosperity Sphere".
This is the collection of authors of all references made by an
author. In a simple world this collection is rooted in papers which
the author has invoked to support statements being made in the
author's papers.  However, in a more complex world the co-prosperity
sphere provides interesting insights.

\newpage
\begin{table}[htb!]
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\hline\\
Co-Authors & Prosperity Sphere & Co-Prosperity \cr
\hline\\
\input{Table_AnnHo.tex}
   \end{tabular}
   \end{table}   

\vfill\eject

\appendix
\section{Using the programs}
\label{sec:Usingtheprograms}

Note: Before using these tools be aware that ADS restricts the number of
inquiries to 5,000 over a 24-hour period. For this reason, I wrote
the programs so that you can execute them piecemeal.  

\newpage

{\small 
\begin{verbatim}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
co-prosperity spheres
------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Use ADS and make a list of papers.
2. Save the collection as a private library (useful, should you wish
   to redo the exercise)
3. Export the library using "Other Formats" and within that choose "Custom 
   Format" and type in "%R, %c" (the quotes are not to be entered) 
   in the "Enter Custom Format" box.
4. Save the output as, say, Author.dat
5. Save your ADS Token in file "ADS_Token"

Programs: Gen_ACR, bc2authors, HistogramAuthors

STEP 1: Generate list of bibcodes for refs and cites
$ ./Gen_ACR Author.dat   

	# output files:
	# bc.dat      ... list of bibcodes of author with citations>0
	# ref_bc.dat  ... list of bibcodes of papers referred to be the author
	# cite_bc.dat ... list of bibcodes of papers citing the author
	# CoAuthor.dat .. list of co-authors of the author

STEP 2: Obtain a histogram of co-authors
$ ./HistogramAuthors CoAuthor.dat > CA_hist.dat
			
STEP 3: Build and histogram list of authors of citations
$ ./bc2authors ref_bc.dat       #output: ref_bc_nnn.dat
$ cat ref_bc_*.dat | sed '/^#/d' > a 
$ ./HistogramAuthors a > REF_hist.dat

STEP 4: Build and histogram list of authors of references
$ ./bc2authors cite_bc.dat      #output: cite_bc_nnn.dat
$ cat cite_bc_*.dat | sed '/^#/d' > a
$ ./HistogramAuthors a > CITE_hist.dat


STEP 5: Make a LaTeX Table
$ paste -d"&" <(head -20 CA_hist.dat) <(head -20 CITE_hist.dat) \
  <(head -20 REF_hist.dat) | sed 's/$/\\\cr/' > Table.tex


$ cat Table15.tex
\begin{table}[hbtp]
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\hrule\\
Co-Authors & Prosperity & Co-Prosperity \cr
\hrule\\
\input{Table.tex}
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\end{verbatim}
}

\end{document}